Salem Witch Trials Essay -- Witchcraft Salem Witch Trials History Essa

capital of Oregon Witch TrialsThroughout history millions of people have been scorned, accused,arrested, tortured, put to outpouring and, persecuted as witches. One wouldthink that by the time the United States was colonized, these injustices onhumanity would have come to an end, but that was non so. In 1692 amajor(ip) tragedy occurred in America, the Salem witch trials. It all beganwhen a group of girls accused others, generally older women, ofconsorting with the devil. The witchcraft hysteria in Salem,Massachusetts resulted from the tight Puritan code which aroused thegirls interest in superstition and magic and caused strange behavior. The Salem witch trials were based on the Puritans and their Godversus Satan and his followers and their strict codes. Puritans hadalways thought that they were the new chosen people, abandoning a landof sin and oppression to establish the Promised Land (New England). Puritans beliefs were rooted in contrasts. (1) They believed that if in th at respectwas something dependable there was something bad to contradict it, forinstance since there was a God, there must be a devil. Since there wasgood, there must be evil, and since there were saints chosen to do Godswork on earth, there must be witches who were instruments of the Devil.(2) So if someone did not believe in witches it was considered heresy inSalem. A witch was regarded as a person who had made an actual,deliberate, formal pact with Satan and would do all in her in force play to aidhim in his rebellion against God. (3) The Puritans believed that theywere living in a world of chaos and crime, and directed their efforts toconstantly guard against sin. (4)Life in Salem settlement was not easy at the best of times. Gaiety andmerrymaking were regarded as ir sacred, and the people of the villagewere somber and severe. Their lives were spent in hard work andreligious observance.Even their relaxation was associated with the meeting house. On theSabbath there was a long service in the morning and another in theafternoon. Village residents who came from outlying farms were not ableto get home before the services, and it gradually became a regularpractice for the time before the services to be spent in tour andconversation. This was the time when gossip and news were spread fromone to another. (5) Children would accompany their parent... ...irley, The Witchcraft of Salem Village, Random House, New York, 1956,p.5. 8.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, heritage Books, Browie, MD.,1992, p13. 9.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD., 1992, p.12. 10.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD., 1992, p.86. 11.Jackson, Shirley, The Witchcraft of Salem Village, Random House, New York, 1956,p.17-18. 12.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD., 1992, p.86. 13.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD.,1992, p.81. 14.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD.,1992, p110. 15.Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Witchcraft. 1996 16.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD., 1992, p.80. 17.Robinson, Enders, A. Salem Witchcraft and Hawthrones House, Heritage Books, Browie, MD, 1992, p.206.

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The book Catcher in the Rye tells of Holden Caulfields insight aboutlife and the world around him. Holden shares umpteen of his opinions aboutpeople and leads the reader on a 5 day visit into his mind. Holden,throughout the book, made other people feel inferior to his own. I canrelate to this because although I do not view people inferior to myself, Ido judge others unequally. Holden and I both have uniform judgements ofpeople from the way they act and behave. We also share feelings aboutmotivation as well as lack of it. After reading this book, I came to the shutdown that Holden and I are much more similar than I initiallybelieved.Holden portrayed others to be inferior to his own kind all throughoutthe book. He made several references as to how people arent as perfect ashe was. "The reason he Stradlater fixed himself up to look good wasbecause he was madly in love with himself." (pg. 27) Holden had aninferiority complex. He was afraid of not having any special talents ora bilities and used other methods to make him out to be a rough tough boy."Boy, I sat at that goddam bar till around one oclock or so, getting drunkas a bastard. I could hardly see straight." (pg. 150) Holden tried all hecould to fit in. He drank, cursed and criticized life in general to make it have the appearance _or_ semblance he was very knowing of these habits. I myself have found me doing thisat times, also. I, at times, feel the need to fit in to a group and dothings similar to what others do in order to gain acceptance by them. Ismoked a cigar once with two friends of mine because they kept press release on andon about how great cigars were, but that was only once. Holden and I bothplace people on levels other than our own for amount of familiarity andlikeness to ourselves.Holden used the term phonies to describe more than a few people inthis book. He used the term to be what a somebody is if they dont actnaturally and follow other peoples manners and grace. Holden d idnt likephonies, he thought of them as if they were trying to show off. He didntlike it when they showed off because it seemed so fake and unnatural everytime they would do so."At the end of the first act we went out with allthe other jerks for a cigarette. What a spile that

HYPNOSIS :: essays research papers

METHODOLOGY CASE STUDY RESEARCHES&61534 INTERVIEWS&61604 QUESTIONNAIRES What is Hypnosis?Hypnosis is a specific and unusual form of verbal control that apparently enables whiz person to control another persons behavior, thoughts and perceptions.&61663Examples of hypnosis Under hypnosis, a person puke be induced to bark like a dog, turn of events like a baby, or tolerate pierced with needles.Importance of HypnosisHypnosis is important to psychology because it provides insights about the nature of consciousness and has applications in the fields of medicine and psychotherapy.Uses of Hypnosis&61662Hypnosis can play a useful role in medicine, dentistry and psychotherapy. Thus, it can be used to suppress the pain of the childbirth or of having ones teeth drilled. It is also useful in reducing the nausea caused by the drugs used in chemotherapy for cancer.&61562Hypnosis can also be used to help community break a bad habit such as smoking. &61591Finally, hypnosis is often used in psych otherapy to help patients discuss painful memories whose inaccessibility is hindering progress.&61536Reasons for Hypnosis, not being used in every day life&61492Not all can be hypnotized&61492The induction of hypnosis takes some cartridge holderHabits reside largely in the subconscious. Willpower alone cant reach the subconscious. Hypnosis canHOW HYPNOSIS WORKS TO HELP PEOPLE QUIT SMOKING?&61649Hypnosis can be an amazingly powerful tool for shifting a person into becoming a nonsmoker. &61649For some people, the results are miraculous. They emerge from their hypnosis session permanently convinced in body, look and emotions that they will never light up a cigarette again. &61649There is, however, a catch the person must be fully willing to start a nonsmoker.&61649Sometimes a prospective hypnosis client believes that the hypnotist can get him/her to sidetrack smoking.&61649That is not the truth. No one can help you quit something but yourself. But...if youve already made the deci sion to quit, what hypnosis can do is reinforce that choice, and make it much easier and more comfortable for you. DOES BEING HYPNOTIZED FEEL weird?No. Most people experience hypnosis as a pleasant and normal sensation of deep relaxation. In fact, all of us go in and out of light hypnotic states every day. An example of this is daydreaming.WILL I FORGET EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS DURING MY SESSION?Although its possible to relax so deeply that one doesnt mobilise her or his hypnosis session, most people remain fully aware of all that occurs. If this is a concern for you, ask your hypnotist to suggest to you that you will remember everything that has happened--and you will.

J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace: Post-Apartheid South Africa Essay -- South Afr

Through the perspective of an unconventional college professor, J.M. Coetzees Disgrace addresses the transition into post-apartheid South Africa, societal acceptance and rape through David Lurie and Lucy Luries complex father-daughter relationship. man living in his daughters countryside home, David Luries experiences reveal that despite the powerful political reform, crime continues to dominate the African people. Aspects of South African business relationship are used to emphasize racial tension and the shift from a white to a black dominated South Africa. Coetzee also suggests the instability of the African society through constantly depicting his characters as emotionally unable to adapt to adverse situations. Although David and Lucy were initially introduced as polar opposites, their value of privacy and refusal to meet public humiliation and shame draw a parallel between the predator and prey of the novel. David Lurie ultimately evolves from his sexual encounters with Soray a, Melanie and Bev Shaw by realizing the traumatizing implications of his actions after the Lucys rape. J.M. Coetzee, a white South African writer, was strongly influenced by his personal experiences while he witnessed the social barriers during the apartheid. As the novel begins, Coetzee describes the sexual relationship between the booster David Lurie and Soraya, a prostitute that David routinely indulged in every Thursday. For a man of his age, fifty- two, divorced, he has, to his mind, solved the problem of sex rather well (Coetzee 1). In his mind, however, he did not put into perspective the thoughts of Soraya. He satisfied his desires at the expense of anothers emotional wellbeing. Despite Sorayas acceptance of prostitution, her reaction towar... ...Originally, David uses his situation as a white male in South Africa as his leverage and source of power, however, this tactic quickly fails and causes him to seek a new lifestyle. Lucys farm life introduces David not only to n atural beauties but the strength people have to provide the services that they do such as managing a last resort animal aid center. By the end of his experiences, he learns that he does not belong in the environment that he used to border himself with in the city, but that he enjoys himself when he has the company of animals and his daughter. His shift in standards of living and customs demonstrates the racial impacts of the apartheid. The connection between Lucys disgrace as the victim and Davids shame as the rapist demonstrates hardships both flaws. Each aspect of these flaws represents the difficulties of the apartheid in South Africa.

Revolution :: Russian Revolution, Social Change

Throughout history, there have been many revolutions between people and their governments. large number have always wanted change, whether it be social, economic, and/or political, for people wanted engage over their lives, rather than being under the rule of a flop government. For long periods of time people lived under the rule of a powerful government but eventually they could bear no more. The American revolution and the Russian revolution both had similarities and differences, however they had one cause, which was their independence from their government.In the Russian revolution, there were no foreign powers involved, it was between the people, and the noble monarchy, however during the civil war, the duster army had allies, including England, America, and France, who supplied them with arms, food, clothes, and equipment (Thompson, 199). Tsar Nicholas II held power tightly, when Europe was moving away from monarchy. All land belonged to the Tsar family, and noble landlords, while factories belonged to capitilists. At this time in Russian history, there were no labor laws established for workers. The conditions of labor in Rural, and Urban environments, were very bad. Before the revolution, the justice system made all laws in favor the ruling elite, and capitolists. The peasents were obloged to paying large taxes to landlords.The majority of the Russian population was illiterate, poor, and had no access to upper education. Land ownership, and freedom of self-government were major proponents leading up to the Russian Revolution. After the war with Japan, anti-tsarist feelings broadly increased, for the soldiers wanted peace. WWI also increased anti tsarist feelings, for the people did not achieve anything from fighting, there were great losses on battle front, living conditions became worse, and soldiers did not receive any rights after returning from the battle. After the soldiers returned from consecutive wars, autocracy was not able to control the country, and the rich and noble were not able to maintain their power. The relationship between the average citizen, and the rich and noble, reached an unbearable state because, neither workers nor peasants had any rights, and they were not allowed to falsify any political decisions.After WWI, and the war in Japan, the people of Russia were yearning for change, and by February 1917 protests had out broken. Many women were chanting, instead of men, for the men were at war, and the women said lay off the War, Down with the Autocracy, and Give us bread (Hacht, Hayes, 1).

Revolution :: Russian Revolution, Social Change

Throughout history, there have been m each revolutions amidst people and their governments. People have always cute change, whether it be social, economic, and/or political, for people wanted control over their lives, rather than being under the rule of a healthy government. For long periods of time people lived under the rule of a powerful government but eventually they could bear no more. The American revolution and the Russian revolution both had similarities and differences, however they had one cause, which was their independence from their government.In the Russian revolution, there were no foreign powers involved, it was between the people, and the noble monarchy, however during the civil war, the white army had allies, including England, America, and France, who supplied them with arms, food, clothes, and equipment (Thompson, 199). Tsar Nicholas II held power tightly, when Europe was moving away from monarchy. All land belonged to the Tsar family, and noble landlords, whi le factories belonged to capitilists. At this time in Russian history, there were no labor laws established for workers. The conditions of labor in Rural, and Urban environments, were very bad. Before the revolution, the justice system made all laws in favor the ruling elite, and capitolists. The peasents were obloged to paying large taxes to landlords.The majority of the Russian world was illiterate, poor, and had no access to upper education. Land ownership, and freedom of self-government were major proponents leading up to the Russian Revolution. After the war with Japan, anti-tsarist feelings greatly increased, for the soldiers wanted peace. WWI too increased anti tsarist feelings, for the people did not achieve anything from fighting, there were great losses on battle front, living conditions became worse, and soldiers did not receive any rights after returning from the battle. After the soldiers returned from consecutive wars, autocracy was not able to control the country, a nd the rich and noble were not able to maintain their power. The relationship between the average citizen, and the rich and noble, reached an unbearable state because, neither workers nor peasants had any rights, and they were not allowed to make any political decisions.After WWI, and the war in Japan, the people of Russia were yearn for change, and by February 1917 protests had out broken. Many women were chanting, instead of men, for the men were at war, and the women said End the War, Down with the Autocracy, and Give us bread (Hacht, Hayes, 1).

Distinct Characterization in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay

William Shakespe atomic number 18s play Julius Caesar works convincingly for audiences today not only because of its verity historically, but because of its truth of character, historically. As with the rest of the English bards canon, it is the character driven aspect of the writing that continually reminds you of the plays purpose. Because the characters ar so fantastically dissimilar, in fashion and language, the play comes alive. In Julius Caesar, two aspects come alive nearly the world of noblesse in the Roman Empire, and most especially the distinct characters themselves that populate this plays muckle of that nobility.Primarily the world of Roman aristocrats is presented by the representation of the complete world of governance through and through lead aspects. They complete the triumvirate behind the triumvirate, so to speak. Shakespeare creates this world by showing us the dominions at the top (after Caesars death), the senators who brook or take onward place fro m the rulers in the new post dictator rule, and the conspirators who provide or take away power from all behind the scenes. Had Shakespeare shown the Roman aristocracy without these three elements, we would have been left with little understanding of how the empire got to where it did at the time of Julius Caesar.This is his awesome creative power. The playwright didnt just give lines to players to tell the history, and he didnt hope upon narrative choruses. Instead, he created the world for us by putting the whole picture in front of us all of the power aspects are there on the stage. Naturally, behind the instruments of power are found powerful characters, each with distinct qualities that bring the story to life. I will rely upon one character from each area above to exa tap just how they are treated what manages to give them memorable traits and believable motives.William Shakespeare utilized language and behavior to motivate his characters. Julius Caesar works because of this . Marcus Antonius is a fine example of this. Shakespeare provided him with the lines and actions to show him to be a manipulative instrument of power. He is truly a favorite of audiences. Antonius is spry to say anything and do anything to keep his place in the world, to preserve his power. When the conspirators realize their plans to kill Caesar, it is Antonius that encourages the accomplices, and convinces them that he is on their side. In other words, he is saying that I will preserve your power if you preserve mine.This is the meaning behind his words to Brutus and accomplices Friends am I with you all and love you all, upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons why and wherein Caesar was dangerous (III.i.219) and then, Thats all I seek (227) when he receives an answer which is not exactly satisfactory at all. The complete vision of this self serving future ruler of Rome is provided only moments later, when Shakespeare reminds us of the duplicity of Antonius when we see he did not act in accord with his heart, but with his advantage seeking. O, pardon me, thou hemorrhage piece of earth, that I am meek and gentle with these butchers (255).The next example comes from the senators Cicero specifically. How does Shakespeare impart a distinct character in him that sets him apart from both the rulers and the conspirators? This is maybe one of the most interesting aspects of how Shakespeare can imbue qualities into characters. It is also one of the most convincing tools he possesses to bring the audience into participation with this history of his. The senators are classic to Julius Caesar because they represent blind and timid bureaucracy. They are there merely to maintain the status quo and to enter into the political realm without actually entering into politics. Shakespeare is in this play explaining that power rests either within the current ruler (such as Caesar or one of the triumvirate), or within the conspirators who would oust the ruler, through any heart and soul necessary. Between the two groups are the people who hold very little power themselves. They are the rank and file ruling class in this human face the senators.Notice how Cicero does not even have any lines? How then does he represent so much(prenominal) to the play? How can we understand the Roman aristocracy so clearly in him, then? Of him we have no lines, but an awareness. He is an orator. He is skilled in rhetoric. And yet, what does he actually convey through his words? Nothing. He is a rhetorical, political blowhard. Concerning his speech during Caesars triumphant parade, consider this dialogue between Cassius and CascaCassius Did Cicero say anything?Casca Ay, he spoke Greek.Cassius To what effect?Casca for mine own part, it was Greek to me. (I.ii.281-284)In other words, it was just words. The senators are not to be understood. in that respectfore they are not a threat to emperor, conspirators or the putting surface man. They play the part of the arist ocracy that simply stands for aristocracy. By withholding lines from the most loquacious senator, Shakespeare creates a distinct vision of both Cicero and the part of the Roman aristocracy which he serves.The final character that serves great importance to Julius Caesar, of course, would be Brutus. He comes from the conspirator caste and is such a powerfully rendered character that he has pass a virtual stereotypical vision of bloody revenge and betrayal. When audience think traitor, they inevitably think Brutus. What is special about him in Shakespeares spend? It is the absolute single mindedness of this villain (or hero as the case may be). He does not waver as does Antonius. He does not shrink put up like Cicero. He is Brutus. His lines and his actions represent someone who is an ideologue. He has fiercely held ideals and he has fiercely held ways of acting those out. Nothing will get in his way. That is the vision of this aspect of Roman aristocracy. It is the power outside o f the powerful. This line from Brutus sums up this chief trait of his, and compels us to see it this way.We at the height are ready to decline.There is a tide in the affairs of menWhich, taken at the flood, leads on to fortuneOmitted, all the voyage of their lifeIs bound in shallows and in miseries.On such a full sea are we now afloat,And we must take the current when it serves,Or lose our ventures. (IV.iii.218224)These may not be the most well known of Brutus. However, they make the point clear about how Shakespeare imbues the distinctiveness of character into him. It is this set of lines that speaks the most about his place as a character and about his place within the world of Roman aristocracy. We can see just how much power the conspirators wield. They turn out to be much more powerful than the Senate, and perhaps even more powerful than the rulers, whether Caesar or one of the triumvirate. It is because, Shakespeare says, that Brutus and his companions can afford to be single minded and focused on their ideals and tasks at hand. It is what makes the success of the plans visible from the outset.The question then of just how William Shakespeare creates the world of Roman aristocracy and gives each player the distinct character that is so important to Julius Caesar is answered by the same fashion. The two are irrevocably intertwined. It is a concurrent twofold plan. First, Shakespeare creates convincing facets of the historical world in this case the facets are the divers(prenominal) aspects of Roman aristocracy as seen through the rulers, the senators and the conspirators. Next, and simultaneously, he populates these aspects with their stereotypical, archetypical characters. Because they fully belong to their separate classes, the very descriptions of them seen through their lines and actions fulfill the historical picture and provide every bit of drama that a contemporary audience needs.

Business Plan for Toy Shop

BUSIENSS PLAN FOR TOY SHOP BUSINESS PLAN KIDZONE TOY STORE Submitted by Ajit Mangarulkar Vishwanath Patil Piyush Borde Kunal Dalal Yogendra Bhosale Rahul Tayade Overview of the Industry INTRODUCTION The toy industry mainly concentrated in and virtually the metropolitan cities of New Delhi and Mumbai in India, is characterized by small-scale establishments. Of late, the toy industry has been internationalized. The application of new materials and technologies feature added value to the mutation of the toys. To mean solar sidereal day, the use of toys is unlimited.They are used for decorations by adults and for education & breeze by nestlingren. Toys are in like manner being used for entertainment and child development. Plastic toys, on with soft toys (mainly dolls) and board games, make up ab step to the fore 80% of the Indian marketplace in value terms. The change that is discernible is the decline in brilliance of board games (other than puzzles), which involve play by a assort of children. Those in the trade argue that, with smaller family size today and the growing incidence of both(prenominal) parents working, there is little scope for board games, which families used to traditionally play together.The emphasis these days is much more on toys, with which a child seat play on his/her witness. Market Dynamics of the Indian Toy Trade The Indian toy market exhibits rough of the characteristics common to any toy market while others have uniquely the Indian character. Individual toys have a short life cycle. There is a constant need for novelty. Consumer tastes change promptly. Resurrection of experient toys does not work a new content has to be added or altered. These rules, in general, apply to most toy markets internationally. In addition, the Indian market has its own angularities.Toy sales in India have well defined seasonal patterns coinciding with the festival season. Generally, the time period from July to November is the high season w ith temporary surges in some States in December & March. Toy marketing in India often involves selling to 3 individuals simultaneously, namely the child, who pull up s scuds use the toy, the mother, who is concerned with safety, station to play, etc. and the military chaplain who controls the purse strings. The market is excessively highly price sensitive. This trend has been reinforced by the entry of large-scale imports of cheap and novel toys from chinaware.These have mostly been unbranded, of depression priced and indifferent choice toys. The past decade has seen the Indian toy industry making quick strides in terms of intersection pointion and exports. At present, India produces a tolerant range of toys, namely plastic and mechanical activity toys, plastic and soft dolls, stuffed toys, board games, puzzles, educational games and toys, metal toys, electronic toys and games. It is estimated that the toy growthion in India is about INR 5. 50 billion in the unionized se ctor and INR 12. 50 billion in the unorganized sector with nearly 20% annual average product rate.There are more than 3000 units in the small-scale sector including large number of units in the cottage sector. Some large/MNCs toy units like the Mattel, Lego and Funskool are also present in India. With international quality toys available in India now, the average spending on toys has profitd substantially and this process is supported by an increase in disposable income at the customer end. Introduction To every child, presenting a toy creates a special attachment between the two. We intend to satisfy the necessitate of the children mainly aged below 10yrs. y having an KIDZONE as a part of organized retail, catering to almost all the trifling requirements of kids. Service will be one of our main focus areas wherein we intend to have a play n feel the toys zone attracting the kids to enjoy with toys. This facility will give a real feeling of amusement to children, hence attractin g the kids and parents towards it. Thereafter we will also provide a babysitting facility for parents shopping throughout the mall and in the meantime the trifling needs of babies will be taken care of.Secondly, we will focus on disintermediation of procurement channel by directly sourcing the destroyed products from the toy manufacturers mainly from China & other manufacturers from India. Most importantly we are looking forward to revolutionize the toy industry by having merged quality with fun wherein all the safety issues would be taken care ensuring the source of playfulness not be access a hysterical item. Above all our gigantic term goal is to make our retail outlets as a brand name well recognized in toy industry and increase the organized retail market share in toys segment.Management Team Vishwanath Patil Ajit Mangarulkar Piyush Borde Yogendra Bhosale Kunal Dalal Marketing Plan SWOT Analysis Strengths Our business would impart touch & feel factor to the child We wou ld impart child caring facility in our store where the parents can leave their child and go for shopping which will in turn channelise to sales by having child for more hours in shops & can be addicted or fascinated to any of the toy Large & Growing creation (Market Size data to found out) Age group between 0-8 years Maximum Loyalty towards shopDemonstration Effect Higher Margins collectable to large imports from China, Hong Kong & other countries immense range of products to choose Fewer bargains for the products Increase in disposable income of middle class Weakness Emotional attachment towards toy which leads to non repetitive buying expense sensitivity market Safety Issue in terms of lead contain, sharpness of toys etc Individual toy have shorter life cycle & consumer taste changes rapidly Opportunity Untapped organized sector which consists of only 10% of total toy industry. Better support from governmentDemand for Educational toy in the market Threats imputable to large expansion of Mall Culture, there is increase in competition from the players Big Fish with deep pockets will able to sell products at emulous price (Entry of global brands) Marketing Mix The marketing mix is often summarized as the four Ps Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Product The type of product that would be placed in the store will be dependent on the age group. During the initial period the store would cater to age group of from the day child is born to 8 years.The by and by as the store expands and capital is generated the store would cater to toys catering to people with age more than 8 years and toys for adult. The product that will be defined within age group is as follows 0-24 months Teethers, squeaks, Tomy, balls, soft toys, baby education toys and others. Photos of some of products are effrontery below. 2 years to 4 years puzzles, cars, Helicopters Photos of some of products are shown below 4years to 6 years Magic tricks, electronic cars and helicopters, electr onic gadgets and toys of motion picture stars and other celebrated personality, famous cartoon character, Barbie & others.Photos of some of products are shown below 6years to 8 years Tricycles, Bicycles, and other ride on toys. Apart from that the musical toys and electrical operated toys will also be placed in the shelves 8 years to 10 years Board room games, chess and other family games would be the major attraction The stuffed toys and unstinted toys would be all time major attraction towards the customers. The above mentioned is only a part of whole list of offerings offered by the store. The main unique selling proposition would be the Indian touch in toys.We will also try to procure the toys of famous personalities all time legends like Shahrukh Khan from film industry, Dhirubhai Ambani from business,Narayan Karthikeyan from F1 racing like all the famous personalities in their respective fields will be incorporated as toys. The toys projected in any of Bollywood and Hollywo od industry will also be major attraction for the customers. We will try to innovate and help suppliers to also make customized product if possible and thereby increasing the revenues.The key to business will be continuous innovation in all product ranges. Price The price of the product sell in the shop will depend on the sourcing and also the total cost of procurement. In the initial years of opening of shop we will not be having competitive pricing but the prices would be at par with other competitors in the market. After years of experience in the business and due to significant hold with the suppliers, we will be having a bargaining power with the suppliers and will try to sell product at lower prices compared to competitor.We will be having final Prices in the Town in one of product everyday to attract as many customers as possible. Moreover the product would be selling at par with our costing, so we wont be able to generate from the product sold at lowest prices. The whole l ist of prices with the name of the product is attached in the annexure 8. Place The majority of the product would be procured from China and also some of the product would be procured from India itself. The main source from India would be Chennai, Noida and Mumbai. The sourcing from China would be in terms of imports via sea route.The cost of procuring of the product is already been included in the financials. The time for procurement of goods would be taking near around 28 days from the day of placing of order from China and the procurement from Chennai or Noida will take maximum four days and from Mumbai it would take one day lead time. The toys would be stock in the store itself there wont be any special storage place or some other location of the toys. The toys would be readily available to the customers on demand if stock is available. PromotionThe less effort would be required in terms of furtherance as the store will be located in Thane East But still promotion will be requ ired to create a buzz in the city which would be carried out be two means. 1) Print Ads in local newspaper. As maximum people in Maharashtra are habituated of reading of local newspaper, so the ads would be given in local newspaper on repetitive basis. The ads will also be given in other non local newspaper but frequency of ads would differ in both the cases. 2) Advertisement would be carried out in radio stations. Continuous resolution would be given in all leading radio stations like Radio Mirchi and Big FM. ) Distributions of pamphlets would also be one of the marketing strategies for carrying out promotion. As in the initial period it is not possible to be present in all the malls, so distribution of pamphlets in all the malls will be carried out on weekly basis. 4) All this promotion will in turn lead to Word of mouth marketing 5) In later stages of business the viral marketing will also be carried out. OPERATION PLAN Location The location selected for opening an outlet is THA NE (Maharashtra). Thane is the largest city in the say of Maharashtra and the The city is witnessing a major construction boom and population increase.A rising centre of education, information technology and scientific industries, Thane remains the cultural and commercial amount of money of Maharashtra, and much of western India. The main reason behind selection of this city is the city is developing stage & we witness tremendous opportunity in the coming years. The real estate boom will be going to come in the city so we dont wont to fail the opportunity to be there within couple of years. The reason for selection of the city is its proximity to MUMBAI. The proximity to the city will help in reduction the transportation cost and increasing overall efficiency and savings in operations.Type of Building The location of the shop would be in the shop in Thane (East). derive of Space The amount of space needed would be around 2000 sq feet of area which would be more or less compared to any retail chains. The amount of space needed would be targeted in malls in the basement near around the entry of Reliance and Big Bazaar shops. We targeted the basement due to its cost effectiveness. The shop would be lease for 5 year period for the initial purpose and then if needed would be bought out. The general lease rental of the area in Thane (East) is around Rs. 30000 per month. Other detailsThe business hours of the shop would last from 10am to 10pm as major. We see the timings to be getting extended at weekends. Moreover the timing would be subjected to the change. train Time The main source of supplier would be from the Shantou in China and from Shanghai in China. The other supplier from India would be the Hanung toys in Noida, Mattel Inc. in Chennai and also the Funskool India Ltd in Chennai. The cost of transport of freight from China to India ranges from 428 USD to 600 USD depending on the date of ordering. The other cost of transportation from Mumbai to Thane w ould be around 2000 INR.The cost of procurement of commitment from Mumbai to Thane would be is 3000INR and from Delhi/Noida it is around 8000 INR. So the lead time if calculated to import from toys from China would be around one month and from procurement from India only it would take around one week from farthest place i. e. Chennai in India for procurement of toys. Sales Estimation Due to prime location of the shop in the malls we remain the sales to be reaching high in the weekends and also in the festivals. This figure comes from the fact that out of 15000 people visiting Thane East daily on an average, around 82% are parents and remaining are youth.So out of 82% of total population we average that around 35% of parents would be with child who comes for the shopping. As mentioned that we shall be a unique adventure in the shop as a playing area specially allotted for the kids to play with the toys which ever they urgency out of majority of samples placed in playing area. The other advantage is that the child would be taken care of specially trained employees and all this mailboat would come for free. We assume the shopping time taken by any parents would be around 1 hour.So we provide facility for parents to leave their child to play in the shop and if they want they can buy the toy. We rely on the fact provided by the doctors that one hour is enough for a child up to 6 years to get addicted with the toy. Hence as a child gets addicted to play with the toy, they would force parents for purchase of same toy. We only expect 75 customers to get converted out of minimum 1500 people visiting per hour (which is around just 5% of total customers visited in the mall. ) The other purpose for increase in the sales would be the festivals and also the Valentines Day for the youth.The shop target customer is up to 14 years but due to presence of Splush toys and also teddies and fur toys which stand attraction for the youth, so we expect the sales to increase in v alentine day. Personnel In order to manage the day to day operations we along with three partners have decided to keep the following personnel for smooth operations. In order to reduce our fixed expenses we have restricted ourselves to six employees in the initial three months of our operations. However with time and requirement we shall keep increasing the strength. Number of employees * Store Facilitators-02 Store Manager-01 * Housekeeper-01 Financial Details Projected start up cost Projected start up cost Security Deposits Monthly RentSalary to StaffPurchase of ToysFurniture and StationaryReserved 100000 30000 20000250000 50000 50000 jibe Start Up court 500000 Sources of Fund 50% fund from Partners50 % fund from State Bank of India 250000250000 Total Fund Raised 500000 Projected Balance Sheet Liabilities Rs. Assets Rs. Capital 500000 Furniture ComputerStockCash DepositeCurrent assets 50000 20000250000 50000100000 30000 Total 500000 Total 500000

Athens VS Sparta Essay

capital of Greece and Sparta were two of the greatest Greek city states ever. Not just now do these two cities suffer many differences besides they also hold some things in plebeian too. But only one could be the best, was it Sparta or capital of Greece? Many people think that Sparta and Athens were completely different, but this is not true, they had many similarities. To start off they were both two of the most potent and important city states in ancient Greece. Sparta with it amazing army and Athens cultural legacy, they both set the stage for the history of ancient Greece. These two cities also had very strict social classes, for example in both citys wealthy land owners were the top class and slaves were the bottom class.Sparta and Athens were both strong in certain militaristic areas. Athens had very powerful Navy, while Sparta had one of the best Armys in ancient times. Lastly, both belonged to leagues of allies. Sparta belonged to the Peloponnesian league and Athens b elonged to the Delian League. Although Athens and Sparta have things in common they were more different than they were alike. For example the lives of the Spartans revolved around warfare, preparing for war, educating their kids for war and conquering other countries during war. While Athens had other priorities, like culture, art, education and unification. Spartan children were only educated in the art of battle and taught how to fight, while Athenian children were educated in math, music, poetry and sports. Spartan women also had more rights than Athenian women.Women in Athens were not allowed to leave their homes or participate in any events they were considered property of their husbands and were responsible for the household duties. On the other hand Spartan women were educated in reading and writing, could participate in sports, own their own land and were treated more as equals. Sparta was one of the first places in the world to start womens rights. The governments in these two city states were also very different. In Athens there was a direct democracy, meaning all the male citizens of Athens could voter turnout on the laws being passed. Athens believed that all citizens should be included in government decisions and tried to unite the people. Sparta though, had an Oligarchy which was ruled by 2 kings who were usually in command of the armies.Lastly, the cultures of Athens and Sparta were very different. Athens was a united beautiful city full of art, architecture, literature, philosophy, science, medicine and they enjoyed a variety of luxurious foods in their diets. Although, Sparta on the other hand was not very unified, extremely military based and the people didnt enjoy many luxuries for example the Spartan diet primarily consisted of pork, blood, salt and vinegar. Athens and Sparta were both wonderful cities but only one could be the best, and that was Athens. Athens was the better city in pretty much all aspects of life. The people prospered in Athens they enjoyed fine dining and art, unlike those in Sparta. Athens focused on so much more than just war this is why Athens was the city that had some of the best cultural achievements in ancient society.They made beautiful art, medical advancements and were one of the first democratic governments, paving material the way for countries today like the USA. Athens was cleaner, nicer and prettier which would have made it a much more enjoyable place to live. Athens may not have had as good of an army as Sparta but in the end cultural and society advancements are more important than having the best army in the world. All these reasons and more just shows how much better Athens is than Sparta. Two of the most powerful cities in the ancient times, Sparta and Athens were alike and different. They were both unparalleled in different ways and each thrived in different areas. But in the end, it is an obvious choice that Athens was clearly the better Greek city State.

Globalization of Media

Standard Course exercise Cover Sheet Section A Please complete ALL separate Module Code Module Title Course Title CW1 CW2 CW3 CW4 Module Instructor assimilator ID Number Section B Please read the statement, and hall the declaration Plagiarism work presented in an assessment must be the students own. Plagiarism is where a student copies from other source, published or unpublished (including work of a fellow student) and fails to acknowledge the influence of anothers work or to attribute quotes to the author.Plagiarism in an assessment offence (see actions Section 11 Regulations of the Student Course Handbook, pp. 78-81). Student Declaration I decl be that the work submitted is my own Section C Tutors Comments The planetaryization of the media is endorsing and creating a worldwide village. The media-scape is restructuring itself, forming a singular global body, as opposed a mass of multiple independents. Media globalization is a ship result of technical development, maximisation of corporate media interest, the medias increasing correspondence to the macrocosm sphere, and media ownership.It is widely evident that the media is in fact becoming a global conglomerate, which is in turn endorsing the emergence of a virtuoso global village ( Jan, 2009). spile media is a term which highlights the means of delivering impersonal chats to a vast audience. The concept of globalization corresponds to capacity of human social organizations to reach one another across separate regions and continents, whilst expanding mogul social intercourses. Such allows for the growing integration of the globe as a united entity.Media globalization is a direct result of technological development, maximisation of corporate media interest, the medias increasing correspondence to the earth sphere, and media ownership. The global village has evolved to become more than simply a mass media monopoly, but also an initiative for political dominance, headed by the Untied States of Amer ica. It is widely evident that the media is in fact becoming a global conglomerate, which is in turn endorsing the emergence of a single global village ( Jan, 2005).Technological developments and electronic advancements throw closed the gap between separate nations, and as a result have aided the mass media in becoming a global body. Faster and cheaper communications have proven imperative towards the developments of globalization, critical to innovation, production, growth and job creation. The 1990s called for the acceleration and rapid advancements in relation to digital contagion. As a result of these developments digital communication profitss, including the Internet, atomic number 18 re exploitation the media-scape.It butt be argued that the capabilities of engine room within the field of communications and the mass media outmatch the potential and expectations of monetary focused monopolizers currently in power. Technology will allow for a more democratic media-scape w hich calls for public involvement and wider interaction. It is this representation of technology and the public which will support the media as it directs us towards a united global village ( Leary, 2005). picCompetition and innovation from a technological point of view have formulated three trends which support the globalization movement.These include The Rise of Data (the growth of data transmission is now beyond traditional voice traffic), The Internet (emergence of e-commerce and digital network structures), and Wireless Networking (affordable and increased connectivity). The Information Revolution and the progression of technology are able to impact upon globalization in much(prenominal) an hard-hitting manner, based on their potential to influence a diverse array of international affairs and institutions. These include security, politics, the economy, society and culture, as the roles of government policymakers are altered.Information has become more accessible, decision-mak ing preempt become either centralized or decentralized, the monopoly of information has eroded and actions to be considered from a global military position rather than just a localised one. Although from this perspective International Relations in general are of benefit, such also has an impact on the media for comparable reasons, which then transcends to the community at large. Digital communication and the internet will become and integral font of the development of a global communication oligopoly.International Relations can be endorsed and supported by a global mass media, (and vice versa), which then compliments our progression towards a singular global village ( Price, 2008). The media holds a mass level of power and dominance, collectable to the role it plays within the public sphere, and the intense level of public interest it upholds. As a result, the globalization of the media has a direct influence upon it responders (the public), so enhancing and developing the crea tion of a wider global village.Being a specific institution of society, it is the responsibility of the media to be informed by interests, normalities and greater values the media is hence an integral aspect of the meaning-making processes of our global community. That is, that the media is to reflect society based on cohesion with its principles. Thus, a global village can be two formed and required by the media, simply as a result of its interaction with and relevance to daily routine and public life. The Media are an indissoluble part of the contexts, the messages and the relationships that create and give shape to politics and public life. Media have an intrinsic role in the functioning of modern society. Such role is aided by the diversity and mediums of the media, which hold a specific function towards the democratic health of our society. Without the media we would not be able to communicate and interrelate with one another in any manner which compares to both our present and futuristic existence as we know it.The concept of a global village would not all be unknown, but also undoable ( Gozzi, 1996). The media and public domain must hence uphold a high level of mutual respect, wherein the nature of modern public life can be understood, presented and influenced. The media are the sites where the meanings of public life are generated, debated and evaluated. Hence, it only seems reasonable that as the globe unites into one village, as will the media. Influences such as technology direct this, but it is the medias interest, involvement and interaction which the public domain that shape and guide it.Prior to the establishment of the media, public interest existed, but had no real means of transmission beyond personal experience. If we compare this scenario to our mediated public life today, we can clearly see that the formation of a global village is not only probable, but in motion (Gozzi, 1996). It is evident that media monopolies have no major conce rn for what can be deemed as public interest. What appears to be cost effective is sufficient the media is able to take control of and manage our inner emotions and opinions simply through what is directed towards us. Public interest is in fact dictated by the media itself.While it takes much time and money to find out the truth, the parent companies prefer to cut the necessary costs of journalism, much preferring the sort of lurid fare that can drive endless hours of agitated jabbering ( Bagdikian, 1998). Corporate interest, politics and media ownership are often interrelated. With multi-holdings in the hands of media giants such as Rupert Murdoch, politics and media inwardness can be a highly controversial subject. Favoured audiences can be supplied with mixed messages filled with influence. If a media owner dislikes a political power, it is well within his capabilities to ensure that such party is not elected.It is in this scenario where the media literally has such a power an d control over Government bodies, that distorted messages and corporate bias can twist the truth and subject the public. This can be identified as corruptive journalism and sensationalism. It is the fatal ignorance of a blind public which allows and follows such behaviour ( Bagdikian, 1998). The concern that contemporary politics relies too much on individuals and rasets stems from the representational powers of television and its communicative contexts.Television is extraordinary adept at capturing and conveying the nuances of personalities and the material particularities of action. It is argued that such aptitude occurs at the expense of the reportage of more complex issues and policy, which do not lend themselves to easy and dramatic representation ( Bagdikian, 1998). It can be argued that media ownership simply defends popular culture and public interest, but as A. Ashbolt claims, it is very hard to distinguish between tastes and choice if the public is dictated to and molded by American saturation.When we are given no option, and no other leads to follow, obedience to medias dominance is inevitable. Hegemony, normalization and the evolution of a global village are a result of the globalization of media, based on the lack of diversity evident within media ownership, the neglect of true public interest and the medias political power to intervene over government ( Bagdikian, 1998). The rise of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) and the labelling of The United States of America as an Empire have both contributed to the globalization of the media leading towards a uniformed global village.Hegemony and standardization across the media-scape is arguably a result of these progressing yet dominating factors. TNCs have been established on the basis of countries having the power and capabilities to communicate and interrelate with one another, thus allowing for standardization and influence. Commercial media has similarly moved abroad, establishing across-nation empires which acquire significant holdings across all mediums. However, Hollywood Studios and the United States of America are still the dominant party, even purchasing smaller bodies to guarantee ultimate control.This amplifies the capabilities and intentions of the American empire, not only via the media, but in general political and global terms also. Noam Chomsky argues that for more than half a century the United States of America has been pursuing a grand imperial strategy with the aim of staking out the entire globe. Evidence suggests that such task is free to be followed until the assumed verge of extinction. This provides evidence that the globalization of the media is in all certainty creating a global village, which can arguably be labelled as having America as a dominating force.The media orientated global community is dictated beyond simple forces of mass media, but stretches to include corporate TNCs and political strategy ( Denis, 1996). The global entity that is th e mass media has created a singular global village. Media globalization is stimulated by technological development, maximisation of corporate media interest, the medias increasing correspondence to the public sphere, and media ownership. The global village has evolved to become more than simply a mass media monopoly, but also an endeavour for political dominance, headed by theUntied States of America. Standardization, condensation and hegemony across nations are the implications that will eventuate from this. It is widely evident that the media is in fact becoming a global conglomerate, which is in turn endorsing the emergence of a single global village. REFERENCES 1. Begdikian, B. (1998). The new media monopoly. Retrieved April 28, 2010, from httpmediaresearch. org 2. Denis, E. ( 1996). Media and globalization. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from httpwww. corpwatch. org 3. Gozzi, R. (1996). Will the media create a global village?Retrieved April 26, 2010, from httpwww. questia. com 4. Ja n, M. (2009). Globalization of media issues and dimensions. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from httpwww. eurojournals. com 5. Leary, C. (2005). Globalization of media. Retrieved April 26,2010, from httpwww. associated. com 6. Price, M. (2008). The global information revolution. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from httpideas. repec. org MEDIA CULTURE AND SOCIETY E101 MEDIA CULTURE AND SOCIETY jenny ass PALLA PSY7317 1st Marker 2nd Marker Agreed Mark

Differnce between IBO Religion and Christianity Essay

After reading, Things F al maven Apart, we might ask what are the differences between the religions that the Ibo clan practice, compared to a highly ripe religion, Christianity. Some of the differences are how the Ibo religion practice polytheism, intuitive feeling in more accordingly one god, and the Christians practice monotheism, belief in only one God, the cr runor of Heaven and Earth, his name is God. Others are, how they believe in ethereal Gods, which are alive and there Gods can be seen, and Christianity believes in breathtaking gods, which their God is eternal. There is a huge difference between the Ibo rank religion and Christianity, it will be shown.When Mr. Brown, the missionary, add ups to the village of Umuofia to spread the word of God to the Ibo order, he met Akunna. Mr. Brown and Akunna has a conversation about their differences in religion, Akunna telling Mr. Brown that the Ibo Clan believes in one supreme God but had others that they worship, the name of their God is Chucku, because he made all the world and not other Gods. Akunna also mentions to Mr. Brown that they also worship carved wood, they tree from which it came was made by Chukwu, as indeed other minor God were Akunna tells Mr. Brown that the Ibo religion make sacrifices to the little gods, but when all else fails there is no one to turn to they go to Chuckw. (180)Another God, besides the carved wood, that the Ibo worship, is the illusionist of the Hills and Caves. The Ibo believe that they must do whatever the Oracle of the Hills says, if the dont the people of the village will be punished. An example of this is when the Oracle of the Hills pronounces that Ikemefuma, the boy living with Okonkwo, need to be killed. Since the Oracle of the Hills and Caves says that it must be done, the men of Umuofia took the boy outside the village and killed him (57). The Ibo religion is rattling opposite from Christianity. Since Christianity only believes in one God, they dont have al l of these other Gods as the people of Umuofia believed in, such as the carved wood, and the Oracle of the Hills and Caves.Sometimes thinking that the Ibo religion would only have one or two gods, but they didnt. Included with the other Gods that they worship, there wasanother which was the snake cognise as the sacred python. When the Christian missionaries come to the village, the son of the snake priest says that he ate and killed the sacred python (185). The son of the snake priest was named Enoch, he did eat the sacred python, when he decided to convert to Christianity. This is one huge difference between the Ibo Clan and Christianity, of how and what they worship.However there are some differences between Ibo and Christianity is the belief in animate Gods, and inanimate Gods. Christians have an inanimate God, which means that He cannot be seen, and Christians also believe that God is eternal. Unlike Christianity, the Ibo believe in animated Gods, which are alive and their Gods can be seen, such as the spirits. When the Ibo Clan would talk to their spirits, as when the egwugwu had emerged once again from their underground home, they saluted on another and then reappeared on the ilo (92).The Ibo Clan Gods emerged from underground, and that they speak to them unspoiled as humans would. Comparing that to the Christians way, is different. Christians dont believe of having spirits rise from the dead, or from the underground to come and solve problems. Christians just believe that God is number one, and that they pray to God for helping them solve problems, but not face to face as the Ibo Clan claims to do with their Gods.Another contrast between the two religions is the practice of polygamy compared to monogamy. Polygamy is what the Ibo Clan practice, which is having many wives at one time. In Umuofia, the more wives a man had, the better, just like Okonkwo, he had three wives, and another man in the village was a wealthy man who had three barns and nine wive s with thirty children (18). But this is all common practice for the men in Umuofia to have more then one wife. Each wife and her children would live in different huts, and the man lives by himself in his obi. In contrast, Christians practice monogamy and thats being married to one wife at a time, Christians believe that when a man and women exit united in Christ, they become one.In conclusion, Things Fall Apart portrays, social, culture, and religious aspects of Africa. Christianity and Ibo are both types of religions, but they are practiced in very different ways. A difference was the practice ofpolytheism, which would be the believe in more then one God and monotheism, belief in one God which is practiced by the Christians. The second difference was the Ibo worship animate Gods, unlike the Christians who worship inanimate God. In addition is that the Christians practice monogamy, being married to only one wife, and the Ibo practice polygamy, more then one wife. Here were two ver y different religions and practices but each had the choice of which one they wanted to follow, some stayed with the Ibo Clan religion, but others converted to Christianity, its their choice.

Early Cold War Essay

The term Cold struggle was first introduced by Bernard Baruch, an the Statesn businessman and political adviser to every president from Woodrow Wilson to John F. Kennedy (Bernard Baruch). It was a time of mutual distrust between the unify States and the Soviet junction and their respective allies which begun later on conception War II. From Democracy in Americas author, Alexis de Tocqueville, There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, await to be advancing toward the same goal the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. . .. Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hand the destinies of half the world (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). The primary concern of the get together States during the early years of the Cold War was the political threat of the spread of commie political theory from the Soviet Union (Zinn, 1980). Further back in its history, Russia exhibited radical tendencies by overthrowing T sar Nicholas, followed by the Bolshevik Revolution, the unification under Lenin where Communisms seed began to sprout and continued by Stalin (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War).A history of military intervention in Eastern Europe climaxing in 1948 in the overthrow of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia by a communist coup were thr hold as examples of Soviet expansionism. This re musical themeed the American public of the atrocities of Hitler (Zinn, 1980). And with him in mind the United States and its western European allies began to see Stalin as a threat (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). The more fearful concern was the Soviet Unions revitalizing industry afterwards badly scathed by the aftermath of World War II and its increasing military strength (Zinn, 1980).The United States tardily exercised its economic might by refusing to aid any post-war reconstruction in Russia as approved by the U. S. Congress in 1945, a major active face in polity under the Lend-Lea se Act of 1941 wherein the U. S. shipped huge amounts of war equipments to Russia (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). Coming from the huge gains of World War II, the United States was also wary of regimes opposed to its capitalist structure.That fear was best exhibited by the emergence of Soviet Union as a global power with an political orientation opposed to democratic and industrial capitalist principles of the United States (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). Americans generally fear revolution. They fear diversify real, fundamental social, economic and political change (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). Fro all its democratic talk, America has a history of suppressing true liberalism and radicalism. The Soviets also had their share of fears in the early years of the Cold War. afterward World War II, Stalin feared that democratic principles would be forced upon the Communist tenets of the Soviet Union. He believed the two principles cannot co-exist. As he warned in his voice communication, capitalism and imperialism made succeeding(a) wars inevitable (Episode 2 Iron Curtain 1945-1947). Stalin also was aware of the United States expanding influence all over the world. He was wary of this move and pressured Turkey, a country located strategically on the southern borders of Soviet Union, for a Soviet military presence in the Darnanelles and the Bosporus.Turkey was then influenced by bulky Britain and eventually aided by the United States. The atomic bomb that was dropped in Japan started the concept of the nuclear arms race which the Soviet Union was arouse to join. But Stalin received intelligence reports that the Americans would not share atomic secrets with the Soviet Union (Zubok, Cold War Chat). The mutual distrust and fears of both the United States and the Soviet Union resulted in actions that further shaped the history of the Cold War.The United Statess fear of the possible spread of Soviet Communist ideology led to their policy of contai nment. What is now known as the Truman Doctrine paved the way to the formal declaration of cold war against the Soviet Union. This was the famous speech of President Truman to the U. S. Congress asking for $400 million to aid Greece and Turkeys fight against communism (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). The containment policy of the United States involves military interventions to countries where Communism was viewed to thrive.The most famous display of the containment policy was the Vietnam War which started in 1950 under President Trumans administration. Armed with the U. S. Congress resolution named Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, President Johnson further escalated the war by bombing North Vietnam and continuing to send as many as 540,000 troops by the end of 1968. As more Americans left and died in Vietnam, the anti-war sentiments back home put pressure on the government. The Nixon years saw the continuance of the Vietnam War with the expansion of hostilities in Laos and Cambodia. Nixons Vietnamization policy of providing military aid but not troops proved to be a temporary success. A 1972 preliminary peace draft in capital of France was initially rejected. By 1973, Nixon convinced Hanoi and Saigons President Nguyen van Thieu to sign the Paris Peace Agreement which ended the hostilities between the United States and the participatory Republic of Vietnam. The containment policy also played a role in the creation on April 4, 1949 of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), currently an trammel of 26 countries from North America and Europe.This was the outcome of Europes fears of another Soviet aggression in the guise of Stalin when they were just about to rebuild after Hitlers dictatorship. Western Europe also needed the assurance of the United Statess protection while they started to rebuild from the ruins of World War II. NATO members common effort are said to include the same democratic ideology and capitalist structure of economy (Kreis, The Origi ns of the Cold War). In the late 1940s to fifties both the United States and Soviet Union sought to build their military arsenal.For the United States, this gave way to military integration, the passing by Congress of the National protective covering Act in 1947 which created the Department of Defence, the National Security Council, and the Central Intelligence Agency (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). On the Soviet side, they detonated an atomic bomb of their own in 1949. The first H-bomb was also detonated by the United States in 1952. Not to be outdone, the Soviets detonated a fusion bomb in 1953 (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War).NSC-68, a policy the United States adopted in 1950 raised defense spending to staggering amounts, up to $60 billion dollars, a symbol of Americas determination to win the cold war regardless of cost (Kreis, The Origins of the Cold War). Although the Cold War has now officially ended, the United States, the unless legitimate superpower left, cont inues to establish a world order that caters to its capitalist structure. Military interventions have been part of its policy if it serves U.S. interests. During the Cold War, the goal was the containment of Communism. At the present, terrorist act is the new battle cry. It is said the United States owns a very large percentage of the worlds wealth while it tries to suppress those who oppose to its competitive tenets. Currently, we are seeing the emergence of a possible superpower like China. It has been known as the sleeping giant and could be a contender to affect the United States from its current status.Whether there will be another Cold War by any other name, only time will tell. References Bernard Baruch. Answers. com. Retrieved 10 December 2006 from the Web http//www. answers. com/topic/bernard-baruch Cold War (1998). CNN. com. Retrieved December 10, 2006 from the World Wide Web http//www. cnn. com/SPECIALS/cold. war/episodes/02/ The Origins of the Cold War (2006). TheHist ory Guide Website. Retrieved December 10, 2006 from the World Wide Web http//www. historyguide.org/europe/lecture14. html Zinn, Howard. (1980). A Peoples History of the United States. Retrieved December 10, 2006 from the World Wide Web http//www. writing. upenn. edu/afilreis/50s/zinn-chap16. html Zubok, Vladislav Dr. (1998, October 4). COLD warfare chat moderated by COLD WAR reporter Bruce Kennedy for CNNs COLD WAR series. COLD War Chat Dr. Vladislav Zubok, Historian. Retrieved December 10, 2006 from the Web http//www. cnn. com/SPECIALS/cold. war/guides/ reach/chats/zubok/

Humbert’s Voice As An Artist Versus Lolita’s Essay

Nabokov brings egress Humberts phonation as a mixture of two extreme emotional impulses and an uncanny sense of highly complex intellectual. Humbert is persuasive and convincing in a representation that is unsettling, a little upsetting, scarce tricky enough to rob your mind and completely occupy it with its vile verbal exhortations. For instance, in his sustain description, Humbert though in extreme exaggeration manages to draw the proof subscriber into believing that he is an exceptionally handsome male slow-moving, tall, with soft dark hair and a gloomy exclusively all the more seductive tie of demeanor. with exceptional virility that could obtain at the snap of fingers, any adult female. Humbert take h out of date ofms to be so much self absorbed and overconfident, a trait which can also be noned in his incessant desire for Lolita. This voice of self-aggrandizement (qtd. in. in Meyer 93) In the aforementioned(prenominal) text, Humberts voice takes a dramatic shift to of cold and fiery brimstone coupled with a lighthearted sadistic tone. Humbert combines his intelligence with slovenliness, alacrity and alienation.His description of Lolitas crude body and the vivid count on of how he has sex with her when she is sick and how he thinks of raping her again are soul cringing. In contrast his erotic description of Lolitas brown, nakednarrow white buttocks.. sulky face image displays his soft sensual aspect. Its the voice that could be beautiful, if it were non for something rotten at its core (Meyer 98) Humberts romantic tragedy with Lo begins with the letter from Charlotte and dramatically ends with one from Lo.Humbert reveals himself as an obsessed lover who would do anything to be in control of the aliveness of their objects of obsession. His obsession is evident in many words he uses in the text specifically his description of Lolita as all rose and honey, dressed in her b right-hand(a)est gingham, with a pattern of little red apples wit h scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her white socks were turned down. This description, which is highly detailed, shows how Humberts mind and lyric was greatly inclined towards every inch of perfection or imperfection of his object of obsession, Lolita.Humbert tries to portray his sexual obsession with Lo as a relationship amidst the Artist and his piece. While his description of Charlotte as the poor lady in her middle thirties, she had a shiny forehead, plucked eyebrows and quite simple explains his attempt to try and first identify with her, revealing her susceptibility and areas of wornness before taking control of her. His voice of periphrastic linguistic process contrasts with Lolitas simple everyday speech.His rule and coinage of words such as nymphet, equanimity, cubistic, pacific, blood ripe and so forth makes him sound like a hold in When Lolitas speech is marked by normal everyday word usage full of slang such as Sunse t Motels, U-Beam Cottages, Hillcrest Courts objet dart Humberts speech was full of periphrastic tendencies such as You will dwell, my Lolita will dwell However, At times he tried to integrate his educative nomenclature with Lolitas street language for instance drop that moody nonsense. In former times, when I was still your dream maleyou swooned to records of the number one throb-and-sob i throne of your coevals Humbert would try to use Los tongue at times as a way of showing disdain for what he did not claim as a proper way of communicating.Lo in contrast would use Humberts tongue such as Was the corroboration satisfactory? when she wanted to be devious and French when she wanted to play an innocent good girl I choose? Cest entendu? Humberts use of his educated speech as a euphemistic tool reveals his modest but warped sense of sexuality. He describes fellatio as the hard and nauseous way or the aim theatrical program in reference to the time when Lolita had to beg for his p ermission in order to take part in the school play.Humbert used blackjack by giving his permission in exchange of sex with Lolita. He used emotional blackmail again when they got into an argument on the eve of the gap night forcing Lolita to throw in the towel and demanded that they leave town. In other instances, he calls his penis my animationspan and tries to coat the sexual encounters using Latin basis Venus Febriculosa while downplaying the fact that he had sex with Lolita while she was sick merely astemperature (qtd in Meyer 94)Through this, Humbert is able to transform himself into the bewitched traveller who has no complete control over what feelings that nymphets arouse in him and his reactions. Because Humbert is yearning for something more than life he tries to find it by transcending the mundane and launches the reader into a spat of imagination. His punishment can be seen as justice on one end but could truly be because of his perverted act of presenting an acco unt of his life as an artistic work.His voice assumes that there is no culpability in a work of art, which is true but his work is actually his life and not a general account of life. He tries to justify his actions as if they were only a game, thereby not making him responsible for his actions Lolitas voice Lolita, because she is so much used to the parlance on the streets compared to the educated periphrastic language that Humbert uses, for instance misunderstands him when he proposes that they run away together to other country forever you mean you will give us all that only if I go with you to a motel (qtd. n Meyer 95). This makes us see what a simple-minded girl Lolita is. Her speech which is filled with radio and TV language makes her seem naive and un hunchledgeable.Lolitas voice is that of desperation. Many a time in the text, she is forced to do Humberts bidding because she does not have anyone else to run to. An up to now when she finally runs away, her expectations are smothered when she lands herself in a far . worsened place than before- shooting porn videos with Quilty. Her letter, the last one she ever writes carries her vindictive yet desperate voice. Hows everything? I am married. I am passing game to have a baby. I guess he is going to be a big one. I guess he will come right for Christmas. This is a hard letter to write. I am going nuts because we do not have enough to pay our debts and get out of here. tool is promised a big job in Alaska in his very specialized corner of the mechanical field, that is all I know about it but it is really grand. Pardon me for withholding our home address but you whitethorn still be mad at me, and Dick must not know. This town is something. You cannot see the morons for the smog.Please do send us a check, dad. We could manage with three or four hundred or even less, anything is welcome, you might sell my old things, because once we get there the dough will just start rolling in. Write, please. I have gon e through much sadness and hardship. (Qtd. in Meyer 99) In this letter, she does not tell Humbert about Quilt (bitter) though she does so later when they meet. . The desperate note on the last sentence of the letter I have gone through so much sadness and hardship perhaps is what leads to Quilts murder by Humbert, when he finds out the truth.Lolitas voice in does not reciprocate the love in the affair she has with Humbert, rather, it borders more on duty and reciprocity than romantic love. While Humberts description of his relationship with Lolita may be taken to mean love by some, it may as well mean lust. His obsession with Lolita in itself shows us a dangerous side of him, which attempts to kill charlotte, and succeeds at killing Quilty, who was seen as obstacles to gaining control of Lolita. In trying to make us believe that he is truly in love with Lolita, he plays the part of a jilted lover in a crime of passion.His antics with the therapists show his calculating manipulative side discovered that there was an endless reference work of robust enjoyment in trifling with the psychiatrists cunningly leading them oninventing for them elaborate dreams, teasing them with fake primal scenes . His need to feel he was in control drove him to imagine he was not to blame in the murder he commits by manipulative persuasion Frigid gentlewomen of the jury I am going to tell you something very strange it was she who seduced me (qtd. n Meyer 97) Humberts usage of words in the text gives words that may have differently had a normal regular meaning, symbolism. In the letter he receives from charlotte (though we only get to learn of the contents through the verbatim recollection of the words from Humbert after(prenominal) he destroys the letter) there is sad genuine passion expressed by charlotte towards Humbert. You see, there is no alternative. I have loved you from the minute I cut you. I am a passionate and lonely woman and you are the love of my life. . . .Let me rave and ramble on for a teeny while more, my dearest, since I know this letter has been by now torn by you, and its pieces (illegible) in the vortex of the toilet. My dearest, mon tres, tres cher, what a world of love I have strengthened up for you during this miraculous June In this letter, Humbert is able to deliberately leave out some parts which to him do not matter but lets us know what (for instance the ending of Charlottes brother), those that he forgot genuinely and also questions some of the objects he thinks are his own importation, like the vortex of the toilet which he uses symbolically.He lets us wonder at the absurdity of such an importation and its significance. In other words, Humbert makes us trust him because of his immense ability to recall and even re-write his own pocket diary ( which was destroyed in a fire some 5 years before) and at the same time makes us doubt him for the same reasons he is a man of huge intellect capable of manipulating the truth. He ta kes us back and forth in games, which makes us not only unsure of ourselves in whatever judgment we make about him but also his victims.He succeeds in presenting his attraction to Delores (also Lolita, Lo, and Lol) and other nymphets as an inevitable action precipitated by circumstances and not governed by morality. His explanation for choosing to be a pedophile though shamelessly perverted is also convincing in a way that it takes an artistic twist. Between the age limits of nine and fourteen there occur maidens who, to certain bewitched travelers. reveal their true nature which is not human, but nymphic (that is, demoniac) and these elect creatures I propose to designate as nymphets.By banishing his subjects to the realm of the inhuman or supernatural, he therefore has transformed himself into a hero who is in flake with the nymphets. He goes on ahead to describe how a true nymphet is not easily noticeable. A normal man given a group rupture of school girls or Girl Scouts and a sked to point out the comeliest one will not necessarily choose the nymphet among them and completely refuses to acknowledge that these are actually children and not maidens the way he likes to refer to them. (qtd. in Meyers 101).By designating men who have desires for such fantasies as mad men or artists, he denigrates from the social expectation, which considers such kind of behavior not only criminal but also immoral. Lolitas voice is also stylistically as a symbol of money. Her incessant condition was that money would be an end in itself the means did not matter. That she writes to Humbert asking for money is no surprise. Even while in Paris, Humberts causal agent to obtain a nymphet backfires as he gets a monstrously plump, sallow, repulsively plain girl of at least fifteen . . . nursing a denudate doll, (qtd, in Meyers 112).His description of the girl is enough to get the reader on his side- no one likes to pay for something and a get a raw deal instead. Hoover whit is impo rtant is Humberts reaction which completely shows the complete objectization of women. There is a difference in the way Humbert uses his voice as a structurally effective tool compared to Lolita. His desire to express himself in his new country cannot escape the European influence in the way he even refers to the trees and buildings as Chateaubriandesque trees or Claude Lorrain clouds and a stern El Greco horizon.The use of language as a structural tool is also noticed in the juxtapositions of Humberts speech with Lolitas speech. The use of elevated language that is highly intellectual against the television and radio language. The shift from Europe to American is also captured in Humberts speeches, which cannot get rid of the French cliches. Lolita does well in her voice to present the practical utility of the ordinary everyday language compared to the elevated language, which dawdles the reader into a psychological roundabout.The two reveal the stylistic differences of the voice o f the television informed by the laymen in the streets and the voice of the cultured and the educated, informed by the pen language. Even though at some point in the novel, we feel very angry at Humbert, our anger is held back by his eloquent speech on his defense. It is this moving speech that makes us want to even forgive Humbert for his deeds because he seems not at fault. Humbert tries to convince us that his actions do not stem from a moral standpoint.We feel that his pursuit of Lolita was based on love that was intense but sadly turns tragic, something that was not under Humberts control. Humbert wants us to believe that his obsession stems from his failure to accomplish his affair with Lolita because she dies prematurely. His effort to keep Lolita on a leash using threats such as school reform, ostracism from taking part in school activities or hanging around boys, appear frantic and desperate. However, he even convinces neighbors that he is simply being the overprotective father- old fashioned.This face does not last for long. He resorts to bribing her with money in return for sex despite the fact that Lolita makes it clear she does not share his feelings. Humbert wants us to believe that he was the victim in his narration. While we might see him as a corrupt and cunning adult corrupting a weak and innocent child, we are able to see that it is the exploitation of a weak adult by a corrupt child. He attempts to convince us that plenty rules and wins in the end, no matter how choosy we want to be.In summary the voice of Humbert cannot only be seen as a stylistic device that brings out the themes but also brings out the attack the attack the narrator is launching on our sensibilities. By playing games with our minds, the narrator is able to make us seek our human side that is rotten and immoral, by showing how it cuts across society regardless of education or social status. The narrator is able to bring into counseling the central themes of the text, which are psychological as well as grippingly real.Lolitas voice in the novel serves to substantiate and vilify the immoral wrong doer. By giving his psychological account, Humbert allows us to enter his mind and consequently pleads with us to understand his remorse and shame that he feels of his affair with Lolita. He realizes he has robbed Lolita of her childhood at some point when listening to the blabber of you children outside. Humbert not only makes us aware of the foundation of societys moral decadence but also explains why this is inevitable because young girls will always be there as sure as the pedophiles.The sad realization brought by the death of Humbert and Lolita is that both of them could just be a chip of a bigger iceberg in the grand scheme of things-the real face of human life which is often filled with shocking immoral degrading corrupt and rotten scheming which alienates and exploits not only the human as biological being but also as a spiritual being. His confe ssion becomes our confession and it does not address our minds but undresses our minds pouring out in the open, the kind of life a good number of us would not mind living if at all we are not doing so already.

Event Management Dissertation

An Application of the Events caution Concept in the Marketing Success of Clubs and BarsThis proposal presents a interrogation initiatory that puts to explore the cores charge concept and how this applies to the merchandising triumph of golf-clubs and parallel veto. This cover focuses on the meter and club scene in London. This paper in any sheath enumerates the factors leading to the identified issue thereby leading to a statement as support by aims and objectives of the jump out these be as followsTo come apart a simulation of evaluation on the pertinence of resultants worry concepts as integral elements to the grocerying triumph of parallel bars and clubs.To create a lendable investigate framework as based on the assessment of actual movements and developments in the dynamics of bar and club line of work in the city, in particular(prenominal)(a) as to how the application of types instruction concepts rile a divergence to the business of the bars and clubs. This embroils both primary and secondary explore.To identify the factors leading to merriment establishment success in the background of the merchandising mix, with an emphasis on the promotional dimension.To create a foundation to this research a preliminary review of related literature is conducted.The identified literature examined topics on cores counsel, promotional marketing, and oscilloscope research on nightlife in the context of bars and clubs. This proposal thus approach shotes the research from a practical perpective collectible to the amount of theory and concept applicability that will be tested to a specific nightclub. This initiative will partner with a specific bar/s or club/s that be willing to nurture their business examined when applying a specific set of government issues worry concepts.Because of this, the main concern of this pick up is the amount of cooperation these bar/s or club/s will give, in addition to the give tongue to limitation s of this job whcih will be discussed in the next sections of this paper. This proposal therefore outlines the methodology that will be undertaken. The approach to the methodology mixes qualitative factors by means of interviews and the comparison of gathered data from the participating establishments, and quantitative approaches as based on surveying bar and club customers in which they determine which applied result prudence concept works for them best.The recommended research framework of the institution is also outlined by dint of the resources and programme. Last besides not the least, this proposal also presents a contingency plan should the research encounters critical obstacles that may gamble its process and development. Introduction This proposal presents an outline on the intended methodlogy that will be utilised for the proposed research initiative evaluating the application of events management in the bar and club scene. The tar stooled argona of evaluation argon the selected bars and clubs in the London area.This proposal contains a preliminary review of literature which further gives light to the background of this research topic. The relevant issues to be addressed are identified thereby contri excepting greatly to the framework of this proposal. Problem Background and Definition In set up to establish the great fundamentals of the problem of this research, it is important to look at the background of events management, oddly as to the concepts that surround this practice and strategy. In definition, Silvers discussed hold management as, the process by which an event is planned, prepared, and produced. As with any other form of management, it encompasses the assessment, definition, acquisition, allocation, direction, control, and analysis of time, finances, people, products, work, and other resources to strike objectives. An event managers job is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event, including researching, planning, org anizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating an events design, activities, and production.Based on these genres and the definition of events management, it brook be gathered that although the concept is to manage a happening, unravel or an affair, there is still the strong aspect of marketing come to. This is because it dirty dog be observed that these events aim to gather people with special calculates, and with this, these events already identify a particular market segment. The realisation and the shaping of a market segment is critical in any marketing activity.These market segments thereby straighten out marketing initiatives more focused and targeted on a specific group. As Michman explains, these segments create a modus vivendi group which also gives way to their demogaphics, communication and values these information are therefore important when it comes to formulating marketing strategies for the intended market (3). Concepts on event management thereby utilis es a combination of many factors. Although events are strongly related to marketing, there are also of course the other elements that need to be implemented.Silvers presented these with the identification of the different knowledge domains in which the spring divided as follows administration, operations, marketing and encounter management. These domains include a list of many activities, the adjacent of which are just a partial list of the tasks expectd in managing eventsSite surveying.Client work.Budgeting.Management of cashflow.Logistics.Scheduling.Security.Site and theme designed.Location/site management.Goldblatt also mentioned the following important aspects of event management governing the administration aspect deals with the management and leadership that runs the event. This may include the involvement of an events company that takes over by dint of the many stages of events planning and management. The administration deals with many factors including the design of the event, the financial planning, control and strategy, and the quality aspects of the event as seen in the deliverables and the performances of the staff and human resources employed specifically for that event.Coordination coordination is another important aspect in event management, this is the aspect in which s The coordination activities include the formulation of the production schedule, the selection and the strategy for catering, choosing the best suppliers and vendors for services in audio, video lighting, sound and effects, and the providers of music and entertainment much(prenominal) as performers and artists.Marketing a successfully marketed event can give way to a successful affair.The events management concept strongly utilises marketing as a weapon that makes the event possible and at the same time, to profit from the events. Many events market their personal business to corporate sponsors who provide the funding and the resources to make the event possible in r eturn, the event markets these sponsors through the promotional platform. The event profits from the event itself in addition to those which can be also used to remunerate off some balances in the fees.Hence, there is the significant exchange of marketing aspects in event management because it makes use of the promotional platform as a means to bring forth entertainment, information, and the other objectives of the event.Legal, respectable and Risk Management events are still subject to many requirements and considerations especially in the legal, ethical and endangerment management aspects. Event managers need to secure the necessary permits and licenses needed for the affair. Contracts are also drawn especially if it involves lucrative partnerships with service providers.Ethical implications of the transactions and the potentoial effects of the event also need to be considered. Last but not the least, risk management is an important practice that organisations are also impleme nting. Risk management serves as an important element in order to prevent the possibilities of risks, and should any risk takes posture, the management is ready with a contingency plan (Culp). One important note about events management is that it is also reflective of the project management practices in fact, events are projects in itself because of its very nature.In the context of project management, projects are defined through the following characteristics (Webster & Knutson, 2-3)Projects are unique undertakings.Projects are composed of independent activities.Projects create a quality deliverable.Projects involve multiple resources .Projects are not synonymous with the products of the project.Projects are driven by the Triple Constraint time, resources, practiced performance (quality).Based on these characteristics of project management, it can be gathered that an event is also a project.What distinguishes an event from other projects is that it has a very strong marketing ele ment because it involves many actors, from the provider of the product or service and the prospective clients. Events assembles people therefore there is a collective sense of objective. Because of this attendance, events therefore adjudge a strong promotional element (Soares). When it comes to bars and clubs, it is important that these establishments market themselves effectively in order to maintain their businesses.These establishments rely on customer count as a source of profits especially as they sell products like food and drinks, and services such as dancing and other entertainment-based gatherings. It is therefore important that these bars and clubs ensure they have a strong patronage and customer flow in order to assure that their businesses remain competitive. In observing the bar and club scene, there is overmuch competition especially in a city like London. In looking at resources for these events such as TimeOut, there is always a list of bars and clubs with their re spective events.These events may include a theme night, a special guest DJ or performer, a concert, and other gimmicks. It can be also observed that these events are strongly driven by sponsorships such as partnerships with relevant products and services like alcoholic drinks, fashion labels, and other lifestyle related products and brands. In this regard, when it comes to the application of events management concept in bars and clubs, it is evident that these have had some successes. This therefore elicits close inspection as to how these concepts are applied and which concepts are successful.It should be noted that due to the strong marketing element in these initiatives, these bars and clubs are also subject to what is known a product life daily round per second a cycle in which a product or service may start to plateau and decline. Hence, this reflects as to wherefore bars and clubs may have their time some bars and clubs that were famous a few years ago may have already sh ut down or are losing customers because new concepts get introduced in the market. It can be also observed that certain event themes also went through their teetotum and lost their lusters examples are the raves, the cream parties, and the bubble parties, among others.Hence, this shows that although generally, events management concepts work in the context of bars and clubs, they dont work all the time and are not necessarily sustainable. This thereby shows the strong association between a project and an event something that is unique that has beginning and an end. This research therefore aims to explore the events management concept at greater depths by means of looking at the actual applications and the persistence practices.As certain events tend to depart old, the turnover of new events concepts need to be examined, especially in a market with ever-changing preferences and values. In addition to the aspect of events concepts, the management aspect is also examined by this pa per. This is especially important as the market is volatile, and the entertainment and leisure sectors tend to get easily affected by economic and market challenges. This paper examines how events actually take place and how certain strategies may need to be formulated in order to respond to challenges in resources.This therefore bring up the issues on cost management and how bars and clubs intend to profit from their events. This may then bring up certain events management concepts and applications from other event genres as applied in affairs that take place in bars and clubs. The events management industry in the UK is a million-pound industry considering the number of events held in the country, from conferences to major concerts. The industry also involves many sectors including those from the hospitality, entertainment and leisure services.This research therefore localises an exploration of events management in a specific context, and identifies the important factors that can affect the relevant businesses and establishments in this sector. Aims and Objectives In order to have a substantial insight on events management concepts in the context of bars and clubs establishments, this research therefore aims to achieve and implement the followingTo develop a framework of evaluation on the applicability of events management concepts as integral elements to the marketing success of bars and clubs.To establish how events management applications are integral to the success of the bars and clubs sectors.To create a operable research framework as based on the assessment of actual movements and developments in the dynamics of bar and club business in the city, especially as to how the application of events management concepts make a difference to the business of the bars and clubs. This includes both primary and secondary research.To identify the factors leading to entertainment establishment success in the context of the marketing mix, with an emphasis on the pro motional dimension.Based on the sourced literature, it appears that there are a few studies with regards to events management, especially as to how these affects bars and clubs. Because of the close nature of events with projects, and due to the function of events as marketing tools especially in this specific context of the study, much of the reviewed literature touches on the marketing aspect, the project and event management resources, and some literature touching on bars, clubs, nightlife and other entertainment establishments.Review of Literature Definitions of Events ManagementEvents management can be said to have emerged from the increasing commercialisation of popular celebrations, from big affairs such as concerts to small and private gatherings. Bowdin, et al. explained that in certain historical aspects, the increasing importance of events were noted because of the benefits they bring as enumerated through its purpose and objectives. An example noted by the authors were t he emergence of the industry as encouraged by political and religious reasons this happened in the United Kingdom where exhibitions became a popular event that it needed to be sustained.The approach to the sustainability of events, especially as this would lead to the formation of an industry, would then become integral to the management requirements of this practice. across the world, the management of events would become a more formal approach in organizing festivals and other festivities. Bowdin, et al. therefore presented the following definition of events as follows (14) anything which happens result any incidence or occurrence esp (sic) a unforgettable one contingency or possibility of occurrence an item in a programme (of sports, etc.) a type of horse sit competition, often held over three days (three-day event) consisting of three sections ie dressage, cross country riding and show jumping fortune or fate (obs) an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for gross s ales promotion or fundraising. Based on these definitions, the events that fall under event management are applicable in all aspects. Basically, the last definitiion, an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising (14) can be said to already encompass what an event is.However, it should be also noted that the fundamentals of events management also refers to the uniqueness of the event, hence, it is memorable. At the same time, an event may have many sub-events such as items. Last but not the least, as based on the cited definition, an event also includes contingency or possibility of occurrence. This therefore brings up the aspect of events management in which case it is not just about ensuring that the event takes place, but also the management formalises the event in a sense that it is defined by a specific strategy.As previously mentioned, an event in the events management context becomes a project in this case, the aspects of project managem ent is applied. It is initially important to define what a project is, and according to Bowdin, et al, (267), an event as a project produces an asset the asset is the ultimate deliverable of the project. The management is the planning, the organizing, leading, and controlling of the project. Hence, based on these, Bowdin, et al. presented the definition of event management in the following (267)The project management of events concentrates on the management process to create the event, not just what happens at the event (it) is called the overlay as it integrates all the tasks of management. Event management is made up of a number of management areas including planning, leading, marketing, design, control and budgeting, risk management, logistics, staging and evaluation. Each of these areas continuously affect each other over the event life cycle.Shone and Parry, furthermore, mentioned that in order for an event to be managed in a similar context, the event has to be special based on this, the authors presented the following pull downing out the definitions of events that are managedLeisure events (leisure, sport recreation).Personal events (weddings, birthdays, anniversaries).Organisational events (commercial, political, charitable, sales).Cultural (ceremonial, sacred, heritage, art, folklore).The Events Management Concept and radiation pattern Event management is therefore a discipline and a practice.There are many concepts and aspects of event management that needs to be considered especially among those who specialise in certain components of the practice. One of the common perceptions of event management is its dimension as a coordinating activities. Silvers (28) mentioned that in event coordination, the coordinators visualise, organise and synchronise the different elements of an event. In addition, in event coordination, the coordinator also identifies the purpose, scope and the program of the event by means of identifying its intent, extent, and co ntent.Another important point raised by Silvers (28) is that, in agreement with the past discussions on the nature of event management as similar or related to project management, the author also further mentioned the processes involved both in the coordination and the management of events. These aspects, for instance, is through the discussion on the Project Scope (28-29)Identifying the needs and requirements of the event including the definition of its purpose and the expected outcomes.The description of the product as spelled out by the type of event.Product analysis or the identification of the components of the product.The feasibility of the product as based on the analysis of the resources.From these, the event becomes more definite through the design of a Work Breakdown Structure and Activity Schedule (29). Another important approach in event management can be considered in the perceptions of the customers, competition and the sponsors. Silvers discussed the aspect of the con sumers and the competition. According to the author, the customers make up the marketing realm of the event (30).Hence, it is important to identify a target segment because this helps in the design of the event, from its scope to its marketing to its implementation. Silvers also discussed the competition for cases such as bars and clubs, any weekend night poses a great amount of competition for any establishment holding an event that night.As the author stressed, it is significant that the bar or club is aware what kind of other events that will take place in another establishment. It is therefore in the strategy of the club or bar owner, along with its engage events specialist, to determine how to best approach competition.